Something to share in the Group insha allah

Prayer Schedules Important Rulings, Guidelines, and Cautions - PART ONE of TWO - Introduction In the Name of Allaah, the All-Merciful, the Ever Merciful, may He raise the rank of His last Prophet and Messenger, Muhammad, and that of his family and companions, and may He grant them all an abundance of peace. This concise article covers some very important topics about prayer schedules ý the ruling on using them, the possibility of human error in them, the ruling on relying on them totally, rulings related to prayer performed based on a misjudgment of the prayer time, and the need to advise others about confirmed mistakes in prayer schedules. I have done my best to gather the statements of the best of the modern day scholars who spoke about the issue of prayer schedules specifically, the likes of Shaykh al-Albaanee, Shaykh Ibn Baaz, Shaykh Ibn 'Uthaymeen, and others (may Allaah have Mercy on them).  I pray that Allaah blesses this work and causes it to reach some of his believing servants and benefit them, and that He overlooks some of the sins of its compiler because of it.  Verily, Allaah is Generous and Merciful.(1) I. The Legislated Times for the Five Daily Prayers The Muslims have never differed over the fact that the five daily prayers have specific times that have been legislated in the Sharee'ah.(2)   Allaah, the Almighty, has said, "Verily, prayers have been prescribed upon the believers at set times." The following is a listing of the times of the five daily prayers, with a brief reference to their relative proofs from the Book and the Sunnah:(3) Thuhr ("Noon") Prayer: It begins just after the sun's zenith (or "high noon"), as soon as it begins to decline, as the scholars have unanimously agreed.(4)   Its time extends until the entrance of 'Asr Prayer, according to the hadeeth, "The (time of) Thuhr is when the sun has begun to decline, until one's shadow is as long as his height, until the entrance of 'Asr time."(5) 'Asr (Afternoon) Prayer: As mentioned clearly in the previous hadeeth, the time of 'Asr Prayer begins at a mid-way point between Thuhr and Maghrib, when a person's shadow is as long as his height.(6)   The time of 'Asr extends until sunset.  The Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace) said, "Whoever has prayed one rak'ah (unit) of the 'Asr Prayer before sunset has caught the (time of) 'Asr."(7) Maghrib ("Sunset") Prayer: It begins after the sun has completely set, according to scholarly concensus.(8)   Its time extends until the entrance of 'Eshaa' Prayer.  The Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace) said, "And the time of Maghrib Prayer extends so long as there is some glow left on the (Western) horizon."(9)   This period of time is usually a little over an hour in most places. 'Eshaa' (Evening) Prayer: It begins after the last glow of the sun has left the Western horizon.  Its time extends until half of the night.  The Prophet (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace) said, "And the (time of) 'Eshaa' extends to half the night."(10) Fajr (Dawn) or Subh Prayer: It begins at the first light of the dawn of the sun, the first glow on the Eastern horizon where the sun will rise from.  This is understood from the Verse, "ýUntil the white thread (of the dawn) becomes distinguishable from the black thread."(11)  It extends until the sun begins to rise, according to the hadeeth, "And the (time of) Subh Prayer is from the first light of dawn until sunrise."(12)   This period of time is usually a little over an hour in most places. These are the times of the five daily prayers in Islaam, as Jibreel (peace be upon him) taught Muhammad (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace).  The times of the prayers are all based on the positions of the sun, in a way that makes it easy for the majority of the people on earth to know them without any difficulty whatsoever. As stated by the Permanent Committee of Scholars for Research and Fatwaa: "The easy way that is in line with the fitrah (the natural state things are created upon) is to rely on the indications in nature (the positions of the sun) that have been indicated in the Islaamic Legislation to determine the times of the prayers."(13) II. The Need for Prayer Schedules and Their Benefits In light of what has preceded, what then could the need be for prayer schedules?  The following list shows a number of benefits achieved through the use of prayer schedules: Blind and visually impaired people can receive alerts based on them. Some people can not see the horizon clearly for Fajr and Maghrib, due to a view obstructed by buildings, mountains, or even air pollution. Some people work or live in places without access to a view of the sky, like underground floors of a large building, mines, or submarines. Some people live in excessively cloudy or smog-ridden cities, and can not often get a good view of the sun's positions. Travelers can have an idea about the times of the prayers before they go to a new location. Islaamic center organizers can plan congregational prayers and events around them, even when the events are many months away. III. The Permissibility of Using Prayer Schedules Shaykh Ibn Baaz (may Allaah have Mercy on him) said, "ýAnd it is well known that people who live in well-lit (large, modern) cities can not determine the time of Fajr's entrance based on their own sightings (of the horizon).  Thus, it is upon them to be cautious and go by the athaan and by prayer schedules that determine the time of Fajr's entrance according to the hour and minuteý"(14) The Permanent Committee of Scholars for Research and Fatwaa stated: "These prayer schedules are something that imaams (leaders of congregational prayers) and mu'ath-thins (those who call the athaan) can benefit from to be aware of the approximate times for the prayersý"(15) There is a need to elaborate on this general permissibility, as guidelines for the use of prayer schedules are very important. IV. Prayer Schedules are Mere Estimates Prayer schedules are only estimates, and they must not be taken as absolute. The Permanent Committee of Scholars for Research and Fatwaa stated: "Determining prayer times based on astronomical calculations,(16)  while they are merely estimates, is not something easily accessible to everyone."(17) V. Prayer Schedules are Prone to Human Error Prayer schedules were not revealed by Allaah, rather, they are the results of human efforts.  So they are bound to have some errors in them.  Allaah has said, "Had it (the Qur'aan) been from other than Allaah, they would have found many discrepancies therein."(18) The Permanent Committee of Scholars for Research and Fatwaa stated: "Schedules are a kind of ijtihaad (reasoned deductions), those who produce them are human beings who are erroneous sometimes and correct sometimesý"(19) VI. The Impermissibility of Following Prayer Schedules in Contradiction to Islaamically Legislated Times for the Prayers The previous fatwaa continues, "ýThose who produce them are human beings who are erroneous sometimes and correct sometimes.  Therefore, it is not befitting that we assign the exact times of the beginnings and endings of our prayers and fasts based on them, because their beginning and ending times have come in the Book and the Sunnah, and we must rely on what the Legislative evidences have indicated."(20)     The Permanent Committee also stated: "These prayer schedules are something that imaams (leaders of congregational prayers) and mu'ath-thins (those who call the athaan) can benefit from to be aware of the approximate times for the prayers.  However, we must not rely on them in an absolute way when fasting and breaking the fast, since Allaah has attached the ruling (of fasting) to the entrance of Fajr until the nightfall (the entrance of Maghrib)ý"(21) Prayer schedules are estimates that help us organize our time, however, we are not to abandon the Islaamically legislated way of determining the prayer times by the sun's positions.  Without keeping this in mind, one may rely solely on the schedule and actually offer a prayer before its time because of a mistake in the schedule or in its reading, and thus his prayer would be invalid. True story: About 12 years ago in America, I came to a masjid a few minutes before sunset.  A group of Muslims were preparing to leave, so I invited them to stay for Maghrib.  They informed me that they had already prayed!  So I walked outside with them and we looked at the sun just above the horizon.  It was the day after the time change caused by Daylight Savings Time in the spring.  So everyone put their clocks ahead by one hour, and apparently this was not reflected in the prayer schedule, so without paying attention to the sun's position, they prayed according to the schedule ý a prayer that was not acceptable since it was offered before its legislated time!(22) Another true story: Shaykh Al-Albaanee (may Allaah have Mercy on him) said: quote: And I have seen this myself many times from my home in Jabal Hamlaan in south-east Amman.  It allowed me to confirm what had been claimed by some devout advisors concerned for the Muslims' worship, that the athaan of Fajr in some of the Arab lands is called before the time of the true Fajr  by a period of between 20 and 30 minutes, even before the false Fajr!  And I had often heard the iqaamah of Fajr Prayer from some of the masjids being called along with the entrance of the true Fajr, meaning that they had called the athaan a half hour before its time.  This means that they had prayed the Sunnahs of Fajr before the entrance of Fajr's time, and they had occasionally hurried the actual Fajr prayer as well, in the month of Ramadhaan, as I heard over the radio station in Damascus while I was eating my suhoor (pre-dawn meal before fasting) last Ramadhaan (in the year 1406). This makes things difficult on the people, forcing them to stop eating before they have to, and it subjects their Fajr prayer to the danger of being unacceptable.  And the only reason for this is that the people have relied upon astronomical calculations and turned away from the legislated times of the prayers: "Eat and drink until the white thread becomes clear to you from the black thread of the dawn."  "Eat and drink until the red glow begins to spread."  This is a reminder, and the reminder benefits the believers. (23) *** Coming in Part 2 of this article in shaa' Allaah: VII. Ruling on Prayers Based on Mistaken Estimations of Prayer Times VIII. The Obligation of Warning Others of Erroneous Prayer Schedules Conclusion and Summary of How Prayer Schedules are to be Used Footnotes:   (1)Written by Moosaa Richardson (may Allaah forgive him) on the 20th of Thul-Hijjah, 1429.   (2)Refer to: al-Mughnee (2/8).   (3)Interesting Benefit: When discussing the times of the five prayers, the scholars customarily begin with Thuhr Prayer, since Jibreel began with it when he taught the Messenger (may Allaah raise his rank and grant him peace), who also began with it when he taught his companions, who similarly began with it when they taught their students.   (4)Refer to: al-Mughnee (2/9).   (5)Saheeh Muslim (#612)   (6)Aboo Haneefah (may Allaah have Mercy on him) considered the time of 'Asr to begin some time considerably after this point, however, "He has opposed the narrations and the rest of the scholars, and thus his own students opposed him in this," as Ibn 'Abdil-Barr said.  Refer to al-Mughnee (2/14).   (7)Saheeh Muslim (#608)   (8)Refer to: al-Mughnee (2/24).   (9)Saheeh Muslim (#612)   (10)Saheeh Muslim (#612)   (11)A translation of the meaning of Soorah al-Baqarah (2:187)   (12)Saheeh Muslim (#612)   (13)Fataawaa al-Lajnah ad-Daa'imah (6/141)   (14)Majmoo' Fataawaa wa Maqaalaat Mutanawwa'ah (15/286)   (15)Fataawaa al-Lajnah ad-Daa'imah (6/140), the remainder of this quote is mentioned later in the article.   (16)It is important to note that not all prayer schedules are based on astronomical calculations.   (17)Fataawaa al-Lajnah ad-Daa'imah (6/141)   (18)A translation of the meaning of Soorah an-Nisaa' [4:82]   (19)Fataawaa al-Lajnah ad-Daa'imah (6/141), the important conclusion to these words follow in the next quote.   (20)Fataawaa al-Lajnah ad-Daa'imah (6/141)   (21)Fataawaa al-Lajnah ad-Daa'imah (6/140-141)   (22)Later in this article we will discuss the rulings on prayers performed because of a mistake in reading the prayer schedule, in shaa' Allaah.   (23)The "true Fajr" is what was described earlier in the article as the time of Fajr.  The "false Fajr" is a thin light that appears from the same place a short time before that.   (24)Silsilatul-Ahaadeethis-Saheehah (5/52) Moosaa ibn John Richardson Baaraka-Allaahu Feekum - wa sal-Allaahu wa-sallam 'alaa Nabiyyinaa Muhammad, was-Salaam 'alaykum wa-Rahmatullaahi wa-Barakaatuhu.